Nature of Russia
Nature of Russia
Geographical position
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. The territory of Russia covers an area of about 17.1 million square kilometers. Russia is located on the continent of Eurasia. It occupies both the eastern and western parts of the continent. Most of the territory of our country is located in the northern and northeastern areas of the mainland. About 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in Europe, and about 70% - in Asia.
In the north, the extreme continental point of the country is Cape Chelyuskin, located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The extreme island point is Fligeli Cape, which is located on Rudolph Island in the Franz Josef Archipelago. The southern boundary of the continent is the point located on the crest of the main Caucasian ridge (41012 'northern latitude). This site is the border of Dagestan and Azerbaijan.
In the west, the point of departure is the limb on the Sandy Spit, located in the waters of the Baltic Sea, near Kaliningrad. In the east, the extreme point of the continent is Cape Dezhnev. This cape is in Chukotka. The most extreme point, belonging to the islands, is located on the island of Rotmanova. This island is located in the Bering Sea, near the border with America.
The territory of Russia has a long stretch from west to east. As a consequence, there is a big time difference. In Russia there are 10 time zones. The division into time zones occurs in different ways depending on the size of the settlement. The boundaries of the time zones of the seas and regions with a small population density are determined from the meridians. In areas with a high population density, these boundaries are determined by the administrative subjects of the federation.
The borders of the Russian Federation extend to 60,000 km, of which 40,000 belong to maritime boundaries. The water border is located at a distance of 22.7 km from the land. In marine waters, stretching for 370 km from the coast, is the marine economic zone of Russia. Here, the presence of ships of all states is permitted, but only our country has the right to extract various natural resources. The Russian Federation belongs to a number of world maritime powers. The sea borders of our country pass through the water basins of three oceans.
In the north, the sea borders of the Russian Federation are located along the seas belonging to the Arctic Ocean. There are five seas in the north: Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi. The movement of ships across the expanses of these seas is difficult, due to the drifting ice that is present in the Arctic seas all year round. The territory, located from the northern coast of our country to the North Pole, is our sector of the Arctic. Within this space all the islands (with the exception of a few islands of the Spitsbergen archipelago) belong to the Russian Federation.
In the eastern part of Russia, the borders are located along the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the seas of the Pacific basin. Japan and the United States are two states located very close to the Russian Far Eastern border. From the territories of Japan, Russia separates the Strait of La Perouse. It is located in the Sea of Japan between the island of Sakhalin and the island of Hokkaido.
In the west, the sea border is located in the waters of the Baltic Sea. Through these waters, Russia is connected with a number of European countries: Sweden, Poland, Germany and the Baltic states. The fact that sea transport in the Baltic Sea is well developed contributes to the establishment of lasting economic relations.
The south-western sea border of Russia is located in the waters of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas. These water boundaries separate Russia from Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Turkey and Romania. Thanks to the Black Sea, Russia has access to the Mediterranean Sea.
Along with the long maritime borders, Russia has a fairly large land border. The land border separates Russia from 14 countries and extends to 1605 km. 990 km of the border is in the Baltic States, and 615 km in Azerbaijan and Georgia. Russia has land borders with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Finland, Norway and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Along the border line there are outposts and customs. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the length of the border with Poland declined. Currently, only the Kaliningrad region is connected with this Western European country. There were changes in the border with China, it decreased by half.
Borders with Norway and Finland are stipulated in the international agreement. Special customs ensure that these borders are not violated. The border crossing is carried out here upon presentation of special documents. The borders with the CIS countries (the Union of Independent States) are more or less conditional. At present, there are no special agreements where these boundaries would be clearly stipulated. Russian border troops monitor the security of the borders of many countries of the former USSR.
Currently, a number of countries have expressed various claims on changing Russian borders. Pretenduyut on the land of our country Japan, Estonia, Latvia and Finland. Japan wants to annex several Kuril Islands to its territory (Kunashir, Shikotan, Khaboshan, and Iturup). Estonia claims to the Pechora region, Latvia - to the Pytalovo district. Finland is interested in the lands of Karelia. The above countries express their claims both at the official and informal levels.
In recent years, Russia has developed quite intense political and economic relations with the Baltic countries, Belarus and Ukraine. Thus, Russia is in some distance from European countries. But, despite this, there is a network of gas and oil pipelines on the territory of our country, which extends to the west and east of Europe. There are also transport routes linking Russia with Belarus, Poland, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Austria (primarily the Moscow-Minsk-Warsaw-Berlin-Paris highway and the Prague-Budapest-Vienna railway). There are also transport links with some other countries.
Geographical position
The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. The territory of Russia covers an area of about 17.1 million square kilometers. Russia is located on the continent of Eurasia. It occupies both the eastern and western parts of the continent. Most of the territory of our country is located in the northern and northeastern areas of the mainland. About 30% of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in Europe, and about 70% - in Asia.
In the north, the extreme continental point of the country is Cape Chelyuskin, located on the Taimyr Peninsula. The extreme island point is Fligeli Cape, which is located on Rudolph Island in the Franz Josef Archipelago. The southern boundary of the continent is the point located on the crest of the main Caucasian ridge (41012 'northern latitude). This site is the border of Dagestan and Azerbaijan.
In the west, the point of departure is the limb on the Sandy Spit, located in the waters of the Baltic Sea, near Kaliningrad. In the east, the extreme point of the continent is Cape Dezhnev. This cape is in Chukotka. The most extreme point, belonging to the islands, is located on the island of Rotmanova. This island is located in the Bering Sea, near the border with America.
The territory of Russia has a long stretch from west to east. As a consequence, there is a big time difference. In Russia there are 10 time zones. The division into time zones occurs in different ways depending on the size of the settlement. The boundaries of the time zones of the seas and regions with a small population density are determined from the meridians. In areas with a high population density, these boundaries are determined by the administrative subjects of the federation.
The borders of the Russian Federation extend to 60,000 km, of which 40,000 belong to maritime boundaries. The water border is located at a distance of 22.7 km from the land. In marine waters, stretching for 370 km from the coast, is the marine economic zone of Russia. Here, the presence of ships of all states is permitted, but only our country has the right to extract various natural resources. The Russian Federation belongs to a number of world maritime powers. The sea borders of our country pass through the water basins of three oceans.
In the north, the sea borders of the Russian Federation are located along the seas belonging to the Arctic Ocean. There are five seas in the north: Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukchi. The movement of ships across the expanses of these seas is difficult, due to the drifting ice that is present in the Arctic seas all year round. The territory, located from the northern coast of our country to the North Pole, is our sector of the Arctic. Within this space all the islands (with the exception of a few islands of the Spitsbergen archipelago) belong to the Russian Federation.
In the eastern part of Russia, the borders are located along the waters of the Pacific Ocean and the seas of the Pacific basin. Japan and the United States are two states located very close to the Russian Far Eastern border. From the territories of Japan, Russia separates the Strait of La Perouse. It is located in the Sea of Japan between the island of Sakhalin and the island of Hokkaido.
In the west, the sea border is located in the waters of the Baltic Sea. Through these waters, Russia is connected with a number of European countries: Sweden, Poland, Germany and the Baltic states. The fact that sea transport in the Baltic Sea is well developed contributes to the establishment of lasting economic relations.
The south-western sea border of Russia is located in the waters of the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas. These water boundaries separate Russia from Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Turkey and Romania. Thanks to the Black Sea, Russia has access to the Mediterranean Sea.
Along with the long maritime borders, Russia has a fairly large land border. The land border separates Russia from 14 countries and extends to 1605 km. 990 km of the border is in the Baltic States, and 615 km in Azerbaijan and Georgia. Russia has land borders with China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Finland, Norway and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Along the border line there are outposts and customs. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the length of the border with Poland declined. Currently, only the Kaliningrad region is connected with this Western European country. There were changes in the border with China, it decreased by half.
Borders with Norway and Finland are stipulated in the international agreement. Special customs ensure that these borders are not violated. The border crossing is carried out here upon presentation of special documents. The borders with the CIS countries (the Union of Independent States) are more or less conditional. At present, there are no special agreements where these boundaries would be clearly stipulated. Russian border troops monitor the security of the borders of many countries of the former USSR.
Currently, a number of countries have expressed various claims on changing Russian borders. Pretenduyut on the land of our country Japan, Estonia, Latvia and Finland. Japan wants to annex several Kuril Islands to its territory (Kunashir, Shikotan, Khaboshan, and Iturup). Estonia claims to the Pechora region, Latvia - to the Pytalovo district. Finland is interested in the lands of Karelia. The above countries express their claims both at the official and informal levels.
In recent years, Russia has developed quite intense political and economic relations with the Baltic countries, Belarus and Ukraine. Thus, Russia is in some distance from European countries. But, despite this, there is a network of gas and oil pipelines on the territory of our country, which extends to the west and east of Europe. There are also transport routes linking Russia with Belarus, Poland, Germany, France, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Austria (primarily the Moscow-Minsk-Warsaw-Berlin-Paris highway and the Prague-Budapest-Vienna railway). There are also transport links with some other countries.
Climatic zones
The territory of Russia is huge, and therefore the climatic conditions in its different regions are quite different. For each belt, there are some common features: the temperature regime and the mode of precipitation depending on the season. But at the same time, depending on various factors (for example, from the proximity of the ocean), they can vary slightly and within the same climatic zone. These differences are particularly characteristic for a temperate climatic zone, which is divided into four climatic zones. This is the result of the large length of the territory of Russia from west to east.
Arctic climate
In this climatic region there are zones of arctic deserts and tundra. Here, the earth's surface is heated quite weakly, which is the reason for such harsh conditions and, as a consequence, the plant and animal life of this region is rather meager. In addition, cold air prevails throughout the year, the severity of climatic conditions also strengthens long polar nights. The air temperature in winter can drop to -60ºС. Winter in this climatic zone is extremely long (it lasts about 10 months). The number of seasons here is reduced to two: spring and autumn are absent. The summer is also quite cold (the temperature usually does not rise above 5 ° C).
Arkhangelsk region, summer
On the islands of the Arctic Ocean, the temperature in winter is slightly higher. This is due to the fact that the warm water masses give it to the air. In the western part of the Arctic belt, where the influence of warm North Atlantic currents is affected, the average annual temperatures are also slightly higher. On the islands, the amount of precipitation in the Arctic is quite limited. They fall, as a rule, in the form of snow.
Subarctic climate
Winters in this climatic zone are quite long and cold, although still less severe than in the Arctic. Summer is a bit warmer (up to 12º degrees), but also quite short. The amount of precipitation is approximately the same as in the Arctic belt (200-400 mm per year). They fall more often than in the Arctic, but in quantitative terms they are inferior to them. Cloudiness and strong winds are also characteristic of the subarctic climate. This is due to the passage of Arctic cyclones.
The climate of the temperate zone
Kola Peninsula
This is the largest climatic zone in Russia in terms of area. That is why it is usually divided into four zones: the temperate continental, continental climate, sharply continental, monsoon climate. Characteristic for the entire temperate climatic zone is the presence of clearly expressed four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. And the temperature regimes of summer and winter differ quite sharply from each other.
Moderately continental climate
The main signs of this type of temperate climate are hot summer (in its middle the temperature rises to 30 ° C) and frosty winter (the temperature drops to -30 ° C). The amount of precipitation varies depending on the proximity to the Atlantic. The climate is formed under the influence of the transfer of the Atlantic air masses. Humidification in the zone of temperate continental climate varies from excess north, north-west, to inadequate in the south, south-east. This is the reason for the change of natural zones (from the taiga to the steppe). Air masses of the Atlantic, moving deeper into the continent, acquire more and more properties of continental.
Voronezh region, the Don river
The continental climate
Formed under the influence of air masses of temperate latitudes coming from the west. At the same time, from the north to the south, the colder Arctic air masses are advancing, and the continental tropical air to the north. As a result, there are 3 times more precipitation in the north than in the south. Here, the difference between the temperatures of summer and winter is even greater. The average temperature in July is 26 ° C, and in January -25 ° C. The natural zones of the continental climate also vary in the direction from north to south from the taiga to the steppe.
Sharply continental climate
Magadan region, the surroundings of the village. Atragan
In this climatic zone the continental air of temperate latitudes predominates. A characteristic feature of the sharply continental climate is low cloudiness and a small amount of precipitation, which falls mainly during the warm season. In addition, due to small clouds, the earth's surface warms up quite quickly in the summer and cools in winter. The result is a hot summer and a frosty winter. A small amount of precipitation in the winter contributes to a strong freezing of the soil and the preservation of permafrost. Within this climatic zone there is only one natural zone - the taiga. This is due to the fact that within the sharply continental climate there are practically no temperature differences between the north and the south.
Monsoon climate
Vladivostok
When the continent cools in winter, atmospheric pressure increases, and cold and dry air masses move toward the ocean, where the air is warmer (the water cools more slowly). In summer the continent warms up better than the ocean, and cold air from the ocean tends to the continent. In this case, strong winds, called monsoons, arise, hence the name of the climate. Sometimes even typhoons are formed here. Precipitation due to this also falls for the most part in summer and in quite a large amount. If they start at the time of thawing of snow, then in these places there are usually floods. Humidification throughout the territory of this climatic zone is excessive. Since in the summer cold air from the north arrives on this territory, it is rather cool here (the average temperature in July is 15-20ºС). In winter, the temperature sometimes drops to 40 ° C (average around 25 ° C).
Other climatic zones (subtropical, tropical, equatorial) on the territory of Russia are absent.
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